CHAPTER-1

ON THE ROOF OF THE WORLD

1) Which mountain range is known as the Roof of the World"?

📚 Pamir Knot

2) Write short note about The Northern Mountain Region?

📚 Landforms with an average elevation above 900 metres from the sea level. 

■ Formed by the folding of rock layers. 

📚 Extends from River Indus in the west to River Brahmaputhra in the east. 

■ Presence of high peaks,glaciers and valleys.

3) Based on the topographical characteristics, the Northem mountain region can be classified into three. Which are they?

🟢 Trans Himalayas

🟢The Himalayas

🟢The Eastern Hills

4) How Fold mountains are formed? Write examples. 

■ Formed due to the compression of sedimentary rock strata of the earth's crust.

■ The Himalaya, The Alps

5) Point out the features of Trans Himalaya?

■ Known as the Tibetan Himalayas.

■ Average elevation of 3000 metres. 

■ Approximate width of 40 km and a length of 965 km.

6). Himalayas are divided into three .What are they?

📚 HIMALAYAS

a) Himadri

▫️Greater Himalayas. 

▫️Average elevation 6100 meters. 

▫️width nearly 25km. 

▫️snow clad mountain. 

b) Himachal

▫️ Lesser Himalayas

▫️Elevation 3500-4500metres. 

▫️width ranging from 60 to 80km. 

c) Shiwalik 

▫️Outer Himalayas, Inner Himalayas

▫️Southern most range borders of the Ganga plains. 

▫️width ranging from 60 to 150km. 

7). What are lithospheric plates?

■ Portions of lithospheric parts, each with thousands of kilometres of width and nearly 100 km thickness are known as a lithospheric plates.

■ It includes the crust and the upper mantle.

■ These plates may cover the continental portion, ocean bottom or both. 

8). There are three types of plate boundaries. Which are they?write its features?

■ Convergent Boundary: Boundaries where plates move towards each other.

■ Divergent Boundary: Boundaries where plates move away from each other.

■ Transform(Shear) Boundary: Boundaries where plates slide part each other. 

9). How the Himalayas were formed?

📚 The Indian Plate which moved northwards and came close to the Eurasian Plate. 

📚 The Tethys (ocean) seabed situated between the two landmasses, started uplifting and the Himalayas were formed.

10) Write the regional divisions of the Himalayas?

a) Western Himalayas 

b) Central Himalayas

c) Eastern Himalayas

11). Write short note about the Western Himalayas?

■ Stretches from the Indus river valley to the north of Jammu and Kashmir upto the Kali river valley. 

◻️Classified into three: 

👉Kashmir Himalaya,

👉 Himachal Himalaya, 

👉Uttarakhand Himalaya.

🟢 KASHMIR HIMALAYA 

12) Point out the important mountain ranges of Kashmir Himalaya?

◽ Karakoram, 

◽Zaskar, 

◻️Ladakh 

◻️Pir Panjal.

13). Name the second highest peak in the world, which is situated in the Karakoram range?

■ Mount K2 (Godwin Austin - 8611 metres)

14) Find out the important glaciers of the Kashmir Himalaya?

📚 Siachen, 

📚 Boltoro

15) What are Passes?

 Write an example?

■ Passes are the comparatively easier natural passages in the mountainous terrains.

■ Banihal Pass (across the Pir- Panjal Range that connects Jammu with the Kashmir Valley) 

16) Why are the Himalayan rivers an rivers water-rich year-round?

📚 They are perennial rivers. 

📚 They are either fed by the glaciers from the mountains or by the heavy rainfall.

17) Name the important fresh water lakes in the Kashmir Himalaya?

 👉 Dal Lake ( Srinagar) 

18) What are 'Margs"? Write examples?

■ 'Margs' are meadows formed along the mountain slopes during the summer season. 

👉 Sonmarg and Gulmarg

19). Write short note about Kashmir tourism?

■ Srinagar situated on the banks Dal Lake an important tourist and commercial centre.

◻️The Shikara boats and floating markets are the hallmarks of Kashmir tourism.

🟢 HIMACHAL HIMALAYAS 

20). Name the important rivers in Himachal Himalaya region?

Chinab, Ravi and Beas

21). Name the mountain ranges in Himachal Himalaya region?

■ Dhowladhar and Pir Panjal

22). Name the freshwater lakes found in himachal Himalaya ?

📚 Chandratal and Surajtal

23) . Which are the important passes in Himachal Himalaya?

a) The Baralacha La Pass that connects Himachal Pradesh with Ladakh. 

b) Rohtang Pass that connects Kulu Valley with Lahul and Spiti Valleys. 

24) . List out the tourist centers of Himachal Himalaya?

📚 Beautiful valleys such as Kulu, Kangra and Lahul.

📚 Tourist centres such as Shimla and Manali

25). Name the peaks which are situated in the Uttarakhand Himalaya?

■ Nandadevi, Kamet, Badrinath, Kedarnath

26). Name the glaciers and freshwater lakes situated in Uttarakhand Himalaya?

■ The Gangotri and Yamunotri glaciers

◻️Freshwater lakes - Nainital and Bhimtal. 

27) What are dunes? Write an example?

📚. The flat valleys seen in between the Lesser Himalayas and the Shiwalik hill ranges are Duns. 

■ Eg: Dehradun in Uttarakhand. 

28). Why the Central Himalayas is also known as the Nepal Himalaya?

📚 Since the majority of this region falls in Nepal.

29 ). Which is the world's highest peak?

📚 Mount Everest(Nepal)

 

30). Which Himalayan region is also known as Assam Himalayas? 

■ Eastern Himalayas

31). Which is the highest peak in Eastern Himalayas region? 

■ Namcha Barwa (7756 m)

32). Which are the important rivers in the Eastern Himalayas region?

📚 Brahmaputra, Kameng, Lohta and Subansiri

33). Name the important passes in the Eastern Himalayas region?

■ Bomdila Pass which connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa( the capital city of Tibet)

◻️ Diphu pass which connects Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar. 

34). Write short note on Purvachal Region?

📚 The Himalaya mountains hills having an average elevation from 500 to 3000 metres above mean sea level are known as Purvachal Hills.

👉 Of these the most important are the Patkaibum, the Naga Hills, the Mizo Hills and the Manipur Hills.

👉 Cherrapunjii and Mawsynram located here receive the highest rainfall in the world.

 35). What are the different factors that affect the climate of the Himalayan mountain zone? 

Write the features of Himalayan climates?

📚 The elevation and the topography of the respective parts of the region.

📚 Mild climate prevails along the lower mountain slopes and the Shiwalik foothills.

📚 At higher elevations, it will be considerably low temperature. 

📚 Winter climate conditions at extremely high altitudes and in the Ladakh region. 

📚 Pole-like extreme winter climate is experienced.

📚 South West Monsoon rains are received along the southern slopes of the Shiwalik ranges and the North Eastern India.

📚 Snowfall is common in the higher regions of the mountains.

📚 The North Eastern India, especially the Meghalaya Plateau, receives heavy rainfall.

👉 Name the Himalayan Rivers?

Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers. 

👉 The Himalayan rivers are flood prone even during summer. Why?

■ As these rivers are rainfed and snowfed, they are perennial (water rich) throughout the year. 

35) Name the land forms created by Himalayan rivers?

V-shaped valleys, gorges and waterfalls

 36). Write brief note about soil types of Himalayas?

📚 Mountain soil and forest soil are commonly seen in the Himalayan terrain. 

📚 The soil texture and particle size vary according to mountain environment.

📚 Fine grained soil with high humus content are seen in the valleys

In the high slopes, coarse grained soil with low humus content can be seen.

📚 Alluvial deposition is mainly seen in the valleys.

37). Name the glacial sediment deposited in the Kashmir Valley?

📚 Karewas

(soil is ideal for saffron cultivation) 

38). What are the different factors which lead to regional variations in natural vegetation in the Himalayan terrain?

1)Elevation, 

2)Topography , 

3)Soil type and climate

39). Write short note on natural vegetation in the Himalayan terrain?

👉 Tropical evergreen vegetation is found in the Eastern Himalayas and the North Eastern Hills.

👉 Vegetation type of the cold climates such as Tundra.

👉 Semi-evergreen and deciduous forests are seen in the valleys and the lower mountain slopes.

👉 Coniferous tree varieties such as pine and deodar grow more along the mountain slopes.

👉 Shrubs such as junipers and rhododendrons grow at higher altitudes. 

👉 In the highest altitude, alpine meadows are seen. 

41). Name the common wild animals in the Himalayan region?

📚 yak, musk deer, single- horned rhinoceros and snow leopard.

42) . How wildlife are protected in the Himalayan terrain?

📚 Established Biosphere Reserves, National Parks and Wildlife sanctuaries. 

43). Which are the adverse factors that help in the growth of agricultur in the Himalayan region?

📚 Elevation, 

📚Steepness of slope,

 📚immature soil, 

📚low temperature

44). What are the different crops cultivating in the Himalayan region?

👉 Crops like paddy, legumes and potatoes during the rainy season. 

👉 Wheat, and temperate fruit crops during the spring.

👉 Tea is a major crop along mountain slopes and valleys of Eastern Himalayas. 

45). Name the shepherd tribes who live in the mountain meadows of Western Himalayas?

■ Gujjars

46). Write short note on Tourism in the Himalayan region?

◻️The entire Himalayan region has high economic potential for tourism.

◻️Travels associated with pilgrimage were what 

initiated the development of tourism in these regions. 

◻️There are several pilgrim centres in this region such as Kailas, Manasarovar, Amarnath and Hema Kund Sahib.

◻️The resort towns such as Shimla, Darjeeling, Shillong, Almora, Ranikhet, Mussoorie and Nainital

are important tourist centres because of favourable climate. 

◻️Today the adventure tourism sector promoting Mountaineering, Paragliding, skiing etc. has developed significantly in this region.