Indus Valley civilization |8th standard |Social science

 *EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION*

Ø:  *What were the features of the Egyptian civilization that existed in the Bronze Age*?

👉 This civilization flourished in the valley of the river Nile.

👉 The kings of Egypt were known as 'Pharaoh'.

👉 The practice of preserving the body of the dead prevailed in Egypt.

👉 A corpse preserved thus is called a'mummy'.

👉  Pyramids were tombs where the mummies were preserved.

👉 They remain as evidence for the excessive use of labour and wealth.

👉  Agriculture was the backbone of this civilization.

👉 The Egyptians also engaged in weaving and production of glassware.

👉 They formed an art of writing-Hieroglyphics

 Ø: *Prepare a note on the art of writing in Egypt*?

👉 They formed an art of writing. It is known as'Hieroglyphics', which means 'sacred writing'.

👉 They used the leaves of the plant called papyrus for writing.

Ø:: *Analyse the progress achieved by the Egyptian* *civilization in the fields of* *science and* 

*mathematics* ?

👉 They formulated a solar calendar. As per this calendar a year had 365 days. A year was divided into 

12 months, of 30 days each. The remaining five days were set aside for celebrations.

👉  Their advancement in the field of Mathematics is also significant.

👉 They could calculate the area of triangles and rectangles.

👉  To determine time they made sundial, a clock that tells time by the shadow cast by the sun and water 

clock that works on water current.

Ø: *Find an example for the skillful of Egyptian in sculpture*

👉  The sphinx, a statue with lion's body and human head

 *Mesopotamian Civilization*

?  *What were the features of the Mesopotamian civilization*?

👉  Mesopotamia is the land between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris

👉  Four different civilizations of Mesopotamia: the Sumerian, the Babylonian, the Assyrian, and the 

Chaldean

👉 Major cities in ancient Mesopotamia: Ur, Uruk, and Lagash

👉 Cuneiform: The Mesopotamian system of writing is called Cuneiform.

👉  Calendar: Mesopotamian calendar based on the movements of the moon. They divided year into 

12 months, a month into four weeks, and a day into 24 hours.

👉  'ziggurat': construction of temples namely 'ziggurat' is the evidence of the amazing architectural 

skills of the ancient Mesopotamians.

Ø: *Write the features of Mesopotamian system of writing*?

👉  The Mesopotamian system of writing is called Cuneiform.

👉 The script was wedge-shaped. They were written on the smooth surface of wet clay tablets.

👉  A sharp stylus was used for writing.

Ø: *Prepare a note on the achievements of the Mesopotamians in the field of mathematics and astronomy*?

👉 They formulated a calendar based on the movements of the moon.

 👉 They divided a

 Year into 12 months, a month into four weeks, and a day into 24 hours.

👉  They knew division, multiplication, and square root.

Ø: *ZIGGURAT-short note*

👉 The construction of temples namely 'ziggurat' is the evidence of the amazing architectural skills of 

the ancient Mesopotamians.

👉 They were constructed in cities.

👉  They were built on artificial hillocks using bricks.

*Chinese Civilization*

 

👉 Explain the features of Chinese Civilization ?

✅ The Chinese civilization flourished in the valley of the river Hwang-Ho

✅ Agriculture was the base of this civilization

✅ Calendar: a year consisted of 365 1⁄2 days.

✅  The art of writing existed in ancient China as well. The script was *Pictographic*, not alphabetic. Later 

it developed into an *Ideographic script*.

👉 Find the remarkable common features of Bronze civilizations.?

✅ The use of bronze. 

✅ Agricultural progress. 

✅Development of trade and craftsmanship. 

✅ The art of writing. 

✅ Progress in the field of science.